Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. May, 2016 many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregor s initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the substantive validity of his theorizing on the effects of individual differences in. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Mcgregor s six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of life now and at that time. Nb there are no theory x or theory y workers, there are theory x and theory y managers. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory x and y. Pdf motivation theories of maslow, herzberg, mcgregor. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s.
The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. While mcgregor s theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Using mcgregors theory y as a framework for improving student motivation. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Douglas mcgregor proposed two different motivational theories. Mcgregor s theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. This new theory gives a new look to the relationships flanked by human being and management. Social psychologist mcgregor s theoryx and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x and theory y mcgregor s theory x and theory y. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of.
Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs which are in a hierarchical order that prevents us from being motivated by. Yet the effect of x y attitudes on job performance has never been empirically demonstrated.
Theory y managers have an optimistic, positive opinion of their people, and. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y the theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of. Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. Mcgregor s theory of motivation helped to crystalise and put into right perspective the findings of the hawthorne.
Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslow s selfactualization level of motivation. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior. It is important to note that under this theory the manager s assumptions about workers tend to be selffulfilling prophecies. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation.
Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Douglas mcgregor s theory incorporates both internal and external motivation. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y the work of douglas mcgregor, the renowned social psychologist at mit s sloan school of management who studied the theoretical foundations of human motivation in the 1960 s, was premised on a binary conception of managerial perception known as theory x and theory y according to mcgregor, managers. These theories describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. The present research investigates whether x y attitudes and x y behaviorsexamined as two distinct constructsare. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s.
To access more topics go to the o level business notes page. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y ouchi s theory z duration. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. Theory x states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. His work is based upon maslow s hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new.
Copy of mcgregors x and y theory by cori tompkic on prezi. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Mcgregor s x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. In this study, we will explore the relationship between theory x, theory y, and organizational performance. Find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your team s motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to. Theory x and y has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y the idea that a manager s attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of.
Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation.
In the 1960 s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Mcgregor believes that recent researches in the behavioural sciences have shown that the assumptions of what he calls theory y may be more valid than the precepts of theory x. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y.
The definitive guide stepbystep maslow s hierarchy of needs. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. According to this theory the management is responsible for coordinating the activities in an organisation and for accomplishing its purposes. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. Mcgregor s xy theory is a natural rule for managing people.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. How are mcgregor s theories x and y and ouchi s theory z used to explain worker motivation. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x. After studying managers dealing with employees, mcgregor concluded that the managers views the nature of human beings are based on certain assumptions. Jul 11, 2017 many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. It is to mcgregor s thorough research and curiosity in behavior and incentive that we owe our current understanding of theory x and theory y. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles.
Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Management s action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregor s the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x belief that people are lazy, thus they must be micromanaged, watched, andor threatened to get to perform theory y views people as selfmotivated and want to achieve, thus they can direct own efforts with management s role to develop their potential mcgregor s x and y theory.
Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y in his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregor s theorizing as theory x y. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mcgregor s sets forth two alternative views of human nature first view are called theory x and the second view is called theory y.
Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. Theory z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. But what about rankand file employees in today s economy. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Advantages of theory x and y the biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. I believe each human life is special and has a unique purpose, that all work has dignity, and that work and family are the principal platforms for human growth. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. For younger people, what mcgregor labeled the conventional view of management tasks may seem con. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward. Theories x, y and various versions of z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. The purpose of this paper is to trace mcgregors xy theory and its relationship with fulfillment of psychological contract. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Herzbergs motivationhygiene two factor theory, 3 mcgregors x y theories, and 4 mcclel lands need for achievement theory. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe.
Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. Mcclelland s need for achievement underlies maslow s selfactualization. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. But what about rankand file employees in todays economy. Jul 08, 2017 the points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Theory x is a much more traditional management style, predicated on the assumption that external rewards, punishments, and supervision are effective ways to manage employees. So, in place of theory x mcgregor proposed a new theory broadly recognized as theory y. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
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